{"id":3372,"date":"2024-05-29T16:11:50","date_gmt":"2024-05-29T13:11:50","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/yillik.kizilayakademi.org.tr\/?p=3372"},"modified":"2024-10-23T14:02:46","modified_gmt":"2024-10-23T11:02:46","slug":"2023-yilinda-dunyada-ve-turkiyede-orman-yanginlari","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/kizilayakademi.org.tr\/yillik\/2023-yilinda-dunyada-ve-turkiyede-orman-yanginlari\/","title":{"rendered":"2023 Y\u0131l\u0131nda D\u00fcnya\u2019da ve T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de Orman Yang\u0131nlar\u0131"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Son y\u0131llarda orman yang\u0131nlar\u0131, d\u00fcnyan\u0131n bir\u00e7ok b\u00f6lgesinde ve \u00fclkemizde ciddi ekolojik, ekonomik ve sosyal sorunlar ortaya \u00e7\u0131karm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu ba\u011flamda 2023 y\u0131l\u0131, d\u00fcnyan\u0131n farkl\u0131 b\u00f6lgelerinde \u00e7ok b\u00fcy\u00fck ve afet boyutunda yang\u0131nlar\u0131n g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc bir y\u0131l olmu\u015ftur. Kanada, tarihinin en b\u00fcy\u00fck orman yang\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131 ya\u015fam\u0131\u015f,1<\/sup> 2023 y\u0131l\u0131 Kas\u0131m ay\u0131 itibar\u0131yla \u00fclke ormanl\u0131k alan\u0131n\u0131n yakla\u015f\u0131k %5,1\u2019ine tekab\u00fcl eden 18,5 milyon hektara (ha) ula\u015f\u0131rken2<\/sup> ayn\u0131 d\u00f6nemde ABD\u2019de meydana gelen yang\u0131nlar ise yakla\u015f\u0131k 1,2 milyon hektar alan\u0131 etkilemi\u015ftir.3<\/sup> Sadece ABD ve Kanada de\u011fil Avrupa genelinde de 2023 y\u0131l\u0131nda yang\u0131n afetleri etkili olmu\u015f; Kas\u0131m ay\u0131 itibar\u0131yla \u0130spanya\u2019da 83.947 ha, Fransa\u2019da 22.075 ha, Portekiz\u2019de 31.000 ha, \u0130talya\u2019da 62.201 ha ve Yunanistan\u2019da ise 129.332 ha alan yang\u0131nlardan etkilenmi\u015ftir. \u00d6zellikle Yunanistan\u2019da ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen yang\u0131nlarda can ve mal kay\u0131plar\u0131 ya\u015fanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.4<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Yang\u0131n say\u0131s\u0131 ve yanan alan miktar\u0131 de\u011ferlendirildi\u011finde T\u00fcrkiye i\u00e7in 2023 y\u0131l\u0131 yang\u0131nlar\u0131, ge\u00e7mi\u015f d\u00f6nem y\u0131ll\u0131k yang\u0131n istatistiklerine yak\u0131n de\u011ferlerde ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmi\u015ftir. T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de orman yang\u0131n istatistiklerinin resm\u00ee olarak tutulmaya ba\u015fland\u0131\u011f\u0131 1937 y\u0131l\u0131ndan 2023 y\u0131l\u0131 Kas\u0131m ay\u0131na kadar olan 87 y\u0131ll\u0131k yang\u0131n istatistikleri incelendi\u011finde y\u0131ll\u0131k ortalama ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen 1.398 yang\u0131nda 21.573 hektar alan etkilenmi\u015ftir. Bu d\u00f6nemde yang\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131na yanan alan miktar\u0131 20,9 hektard\u0131r. Ancak bu de\u011ferlendirme T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de orman yang\u0131nlar\u0131yla m\u00fccadelede organizasyon yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n iyile\u015fti\u011fi ve teknik ekip\/ ekipman kullan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n yayg\u0131nla\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 1988 ve sonras\u0131ndaki 35 y\u0131ll\u0131k istatistiklerle yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda y\u0131ll\u0131k 2.186 yang\u0131nda ortalama 14.722 hektar alan\u0131n etkilendi\u011fi ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmaktad\u0131r5<\/sup> (\u015eekil 1). Bu d\u00f6nemde yang\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131na yanan alan miktar\u0131 ise 6,4 hektard\u0131r. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

\u015eekil 1: 1937-2023 aras\u0131 T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen orman yang\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131n adedi ve yanan alan miktar\u013113<\/sup> (2023 yang\u0131nlar\u0131 Kas\u0131m itibar\u0131ylad\u0131r).<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

2023 y\u0131l\u0131 yang\u0131n istatistiklerine g\u00f6re 1 Ocak- 15 Kas\u0131m 2023 tarihleri aras\u0131nda ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen 2.539 yang\u0131ndan toplamda 15.616 hektar alan etkilenmi\u015ftir. Ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen yang\u0131nlar\u0131n %75,3\u2019\u00fc 1 hektardan k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck, %19.9\u2019u 1-10 ha, %3,5\u2019i 10-50 ha, %0,6\u2019s\u0131 50-100 ha, %0,5\u2019i 100-500 ha ve %0,2\u2019si ise 500 hektardan b\u00fcy\u00fck yang\u0131nlard\u0131r. Yang\u0131nlar\u0131n alansal b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fck da\u011f\u0131l\u0131mlar\u0131na bak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda yang\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fcklerinin uzun d\u00f6nem verilerine yak\u0131n de\u011ferlerde oldu\u011fu g\u00f6r\u00fclebilmektedir.6<\/sup> 2023 y\u0131l\u0131nda meydana gelen 500 hektardan b\u00fcy\u00fck yang\u0131nlar incelendi\u011finde \u00f6zellikle 16 Temmuz 2023 ve 22 A\u011fustos 2023 tarihlerinde \u00c7anakkale Merkez il\u00e7esinde ba\u015flayan ve birbirine \u00e7ok yak\u0131n noktalarda ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen 2 yang\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nemli oldu\u011fu anla\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2023 y\u0131l\u0131 i\u00e7in \u00f6nem arz eden bu yang\u0131nlar uzaktan alg\u0131lama ve co\u011frafi bilgi sistemleriyle analiz edilmi\u015ftir. Yang\u0131nlar\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ve yan\u0131c\u0131 madde t\u00fcketiminin bir g\u00f6stergesi olan yanma derinli\u011fi s\u0131n\u0131flar\u0131n\u0131n belirlenmesinde Fark Normalize Edilmi\u015f Yanma \u015eiddeti [Difference Normalized Burn Ratio (dNBR)]7<\/sup> analizi kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Analiz, yang\u0131nlar\u0131n \u00f6ncesi ve sonras\u0131 tarihlerde (14 Temmuz, 5 ve 30 A\u011fustos 2023 tarihli) elde edilen alanlara ili\u015fkin Sentinel-2 uydu g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcleri yard\u0131m\u0131yla ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilmi\u015ftir.8<\/sup> Ayr\u0131ca yang\u0131nlara ili\u015fkin zamansal veriler NASA Yang\u0131n Bilgi Sisteminden [Fire Information for Resource Management System (FIRMS)] elde edilen uydu verileriyle takip edilmi\u015ftir.9<\/sup> Yap\u0131lan analizler sonucu 16 Temmuz 2023 tarihinde ba\u015flayan yang\u0131n\u0131n 2.754,7 ha alan\u0131 etkiledi\u011fi (tar\u0131m, orman ve di\u011fer alanlar d\u00e2hil) ve yang\u0131n\u0131n yakla\u015f\u0131k 3 g\u00fcn s\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc belirlenmi\u015ftir. Yanma oranlar\u0131 de\u011ferlendirildi\u011finde yanan alan\u0131n %60,6\u2019s\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck, %33,7\u2019si orta, %5.7\u2019si y\u00fcksek yanma derinli\u011fi s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131nda yer alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Yang\u0131nda \u00e7ok y\u00fcksek yanma derinli\u011fi g\u00f6r\u00fclmemi\u015ftir (\u015eekil 2a).
22 A\u011fustos 2023 tarihinde ba\u015flayan yang\u0131na ili\u015fkin yap\u0131lan analizler sonucunda ise yang\u0131n\u0131n 3.419,0 ha alan\u0131 etkiledi\u011fi (tar\u0131m, orman ve di\u011fer alanlar d\u00e2hil) ve yang\u0131n\u0131n yakla\u015f\u0131k 3 g\u00fcn s\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc belirlenmi\u015ftir. Yanma oranlar\u0131 de\u011ferlendirildi\u011finde yanan alan\u0131n %23\u2019\u00fc d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck, %30,2\u2019si orta, %25,7\u2019si y\u00fcksek ve %21\u2019i ise \u00e7ok y\u00fcksek yanma derinli\u011fi s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131nda yer alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (\u015eekil 2b).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

\u015eekil 2: 2023 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u00c7anakkale\u2019de ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen yang\u0131nlar\u0131n yanma derinli\u011fi s\u0131n\u0131flar\u0131na (dNBR) da\u011f\u0131l\u0131mlar\u0131<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Yang\u0131nlar\u0131n ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00fcnlerde etkili olan ve kuzeydo\u011fudan esen poyraz r\u00fczg\u00e2r\u0131 ba\u011f\u0131l nemin d\u00fc\u015fmesinde etkili olmu\u015ftur. Havan\u0131n ba\u011f\u0131l neminin azalmas\u0131 ve r\u00fczg\u00e2rlar\u0131n yan\u0131c\u0131 madde \u00fczerindeki kurutucu etkisi, orman zeminindeki \u00f6l\u00fc yan\u0131c\u0131 madde neminin h\u0131zla azalmas\u0131na yol a\u00e7m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu da meteorolojik yang\u0131n riskini artm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u00dclkemizde geli\u015ftirilen \u00e7evrim i\u00e7i Meteorolojik Yang\u0131n \u0130ndeksi (MY\u0130) sisteminden10,11,12<\/sup> elde edilen verilere g\u00f6re yang\u0131nlar\u0131n ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 saatlerde MY\u0130 de\u011ferleri 16 Temmuz\u2019da 99\u2019a, 22 A\u011fustos\u2019ta ise 123\u2019e ula\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (\u015eekil 3). Bu de\u011ferler meteorolojik yang\u0131n risk ve tehlike potansiyelinin \u00e7ok y\u00fcksek oldu\u011funu ifade etmektedir. \u00d6zellikle 22 A\u011fustos\u2019ta ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen yang\u0131nda y\u00fcksek s\u0131cakl\u0131k, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck ba\u011f\u0131l nem, \u00e7ok y\u00fcksek r\u00fczg\u00e2rlar\u0131n etkisiyle yan\u0131c\u0131 madde nemimin \u00e7ok d\u00fc\u015fmesi ve \u00e7ok y\u00fcksek MY\u0130 de\u011ferlerinin olu\u015fmas\u0131na neden olmu\u015ftur. Ayr\u0131ca s\u00f6z konusu yang\u0131nda yan\u0131c\u0131 madde miktar\u0131n\u0131n ilk yang\u0131na oranla daha fazla oldu\u011fu tespit edilmi\u015ftir. Bu iki durum 16 Temmuz\u2019da ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen yang\u0131na g\u00f6re 22 A\u011fustos\u2019taki yang\u0131nda olu\u015fan yanma derinli\u011fi y\u00fcksekli\u011fini a\u00e7\u0131klamaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de 2023 y\u0131l\u0131nda ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen yang\u0131nlara havadan ve karadan m\u00fcdahale ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilmi\u015ftir. Yang\u0131nlara havadan m\u00fcdahalede 100\u2019\u00fc helikopter, 24\u2019\u00fc u\u00e7ak olmak \u00fczere toplamda 124 adet hava arac\u0131ndan faydalan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 2022 y\u0131l\u0131na k\u0131yasla yang\u0131nlara m\u00fccadelede kullan\u0131lan hava ara\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n say\u0131s\u0131nda %17\u2019lik bir art\u0131\u015f ya\u015fanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Havadan m\u00fcdahale ara\u00e7lar\u0131yla 2023 y\u0131l\u0131nda yang\u0131nlara toplam 106.377 ton su at\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, at\u0131lan su miktar\u0131nda 2022 y\u0131l\u0131na k\u0131yasla %52\u2019lik bir artma olmu\u015ftur. Ayr\u0131ca yang\u0131nlar\u0131n erken tespiti ve yang\u0131nlar\u0131n izlenmesi amac\u0131yla 10 adet insans\u0131z hava arac\u0131 (\u0130HA) 2023 y\u0131l\u0131 yang\u0131nlar\u0131nda g\u00f6rev alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Yang\u0131nlarla karadan m\u00fccadele \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 kapsam\u0131nda 2023 y\u0131l\u0131nda 2.453 yang\u0131n ilk m\u00fcdahale arac\u0131, 1.560 araz\u00f6z ve 786 adet i\u015f makinesi kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Yang\u0131nlara m\u00fcdahalede 22.053 yang\u0131n i\u015f\u00e7isi g\u00f6rev alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 119.000 orman yang\u0131n g\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fcn e\u011fitimi de yine bu y\u0131l ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilmi\u015ftir.13<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

\u015eekil 3: \u00c7anakkale Merkez \u0130l\u00e7e 1 May\u0131s \u2013 31 A\u011fustos 2023 aras\u0131ndaki Meteorolojik Yang\u0131n \u0130ndeksi de\u011ferleri grafi\u011fi<\/em><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u00fcrkiye\u2019deki orman yang\u0131n sebepleri<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Orman yang\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131n sebepleri incelendi\u011finde yang\u0131nlar\u0131n d\u00f6rt ana sebepten kaynakland\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. Bunlar; kas\u0131t, ihmal\/ kaza, do\u011fal\/ y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m ve sebebi bilinmeyen yang\u0131nlard\u0131r. Sebebi bilinmeyen yang\u0131nlar\u0131n \u00f6nemli b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn insan kaynakl\u0131 (tespit edilemeyen piknik ate\u015fi, bah\u00e7e temizli\u011fi amac\u0131yla yak\u0131lm\u0131\u015f kontrolden \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015f yang\u0131nlar, sigara vb.) yang\u0131nlar oldu\u011fu bilinmektedir.14<\/sup> \u00dclkemizde 1997-2022 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda \u00e7\u0131kan yang\u0131nlar\u0131n sebeplerine g\u00f6re da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 ara\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda yang\u0131nlar\u0131n %9\u2019u kas\u0131t, %46\u2019s\u0131 ihmal ve kaza, %11\u2019i do\u011fal\/ y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m ve %34\u2019\u00fc ise sebebi bilinmeyen  oldu\u011fu anla\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Bu de\u011ferlere g\u00f6re \u00e7\u0131kan yang\u0131nlar\u0131n %89\u2019unun insan kaynakl\u0131 oldu\u011fu s\u00f6ylenebilir. Ancak de\u011ferlendirmenin yanan alan miktarlar\u0131 dikkate al\u0131narak yap\u0131lmas\u0131 durumunda yang\u0131nlar\u0131n %19\u2019unun kas\u0131t, %51\u2019inin ihmal ve kaza, %2\u2019sinin do\u011fal\/ y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m ve %28\u2019inin ise sebebi bilinmeyen yang\u0131nlar oldu\u011fu g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir.5<\/sup> Bu sonu\u00e7, \u00fclkemiz ormanlar\u0131n\u0131n %98 oran\u0131nda insan kaynakl\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kan yang\u0131nlardan etkilendi\u011fini g\u00f6stermektedir. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Orman yang\u0131n istatistikleri, \u00f6zellikle son y\u0131llarda enerji nakil hatlar\u0131ndan \u00e7\u0131kan yang\u0131nlarda g\u00f6rece bir art\u0131\u015f oldu\u011funu g\u00f6stermektedir. Nitekim son \u00fc\u00e7 y\u0131ll\u0131k yang\u0131n istatistiklerine bak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda orman alanlar\u0131n 2020, 2021 ve 2022 y\u0131llar\u0131nda s\u0131ras\u0131yla %17, %27 ve %19\u2019unun enerji nakil hatlar\u0131ndan \u00e7\u0131kan yang\u0131nlar sonucunda zarar g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc anla\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. 5, 15, 16<\/sup> Bu hususta ormandan ge\u00e7en enerji nakil hatlar\u0131n\u0131n, ormana yak\u0131n trafolar\u0131n bak\u0131mlar\u0131na ve enerji hat\/ tesislerine yak\u0131n ormanlardaki yan\u0131c\u0131 maddelerinin d\u00fczenlenmesi ve uygulamalar\u0131n kontrol\u00fc \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131na \u00f6nem verilmelidir. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Yang\u0131nlarla m\u00fccadele \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Orman yang\u0131nlar\u0131yla m\u00fccadele \u00fc\u00e7 a\u015famal\u0131d\u0131r. Bunlardan ilk ikisi yang\u0131n \u00f6ncesi, yang\u0131nlar\u0131n \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nlemek \u00fczere al\u0131nan \u201c\u00d6nleyici Tedbirler\u201d ve ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen yang\u0131nlar\u0131n zarar d\u00fczeyini  azaltmak i\u00e7in al\u0131nan \u201cYang\u0131na Haz\u0131rl\u0131kl\u0131 Olma Tedbirleri\u201ddir . Yang\u0131nla m\u00fccadelenin son basama\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ise yang\u0131nlar\u0131n s\u00f6nd\u00fcr\u00fclmesine y\u00f6nelik uygulamalar\u0131 kapsayan \u201cSava\u015f Y\u00f6ntemleri\u201d olu\u015fturur. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Yang\u0131nlarla m\u00fccadelenin ilk basama\u011f\u0131 yang\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 \u00f6nleyici tedbirler almakt\u0131r. Bu tedbirler, yang\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131na engel olmak veya \u00e7\u0131kacak yang\u0131nlar\u0131n say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 azaltmaya y\u00f6nelik \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalard\u0131r. Yang\u0131nla sava\u015fman\u0131n en iyi yolu, yang\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131na engel olmakt\u0131r. \u00dclkemizde yang\u0131nlar\u0131n hemen hemen tamam\u0131 insan kaynakl\u0131 oldu\u011fu yukar\u0131da da verilmi\u015fti. \u0130nsan kaynakl\u0131 yang\u0131nlar\u0131n en \u00f6nemli sebepleriyse ihmal\/dikkatsizlik ve kaza olarak kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131za \u00e7\u0131kmaktad\u0131r. Bu konuda al\u0131nabilecek en \u00f6nemli tedbir, yang\u0131na hassas b\u00f6lgelerde ya\u015fayan insanlar\u0131n orman yang\u0131n\u0131 sebepleri ve yang\u0131nlara kar\u015f\u0131 bireysel olarak al\u0131nmas\u0131 gerekli \u00f6nlemler konusunda e\u011fitimi ve bilin\u00e7lendirilmesidir. Bu hususta ilgili kamu kurulu\u015flar\u0131, \u00fcniversiteler, \u00f6zel sekt\u00f6r ve sivil toplum kurulu\u015flar\u0131 bir araya gelerek \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmal\u0131, yap\u0131labilecek her t\u00fcrl\u00fc haz\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131 tamamlamas\u0131 gerekmektedir. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Yang\u0131na haz\u0131rl\u0131kl\u0131 olma tedbirleri, orman yang\u0131nlar\u0131yla m\u00fccadelede ikinci basamakt\u0131r ve ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen yang\u0131nlar\u0131n zarar d\u00fczeyini azaltma, yang\u0131nlar\u0131n olumsuz ekolojik ve ekonomik etkilerini en aza indirmek i\u00e7in al\u0131n\u0131r. Bu tedbirler genellikle orman yan\u0131c\u0131 maddelerin y\u00f6netimi uygulamalar\u0131nda olu\u015fmaktad\u0131r. Yang\u0131nlar\u0131n \u00e7ok b\u00fcy\u00fck k\u0131sm\u0131 yol kenarlar\u0131, tar\u0131m alanlar\u0131 ve yerle\u015fim alanlar\u0131n\u0131n ormanla biti\u015fik oldu\u011fu alanlarda \u00e7\u0131kmaktad\u0131r. \u00d6zellikle orman alanlar\u0131n\u0131n yak\u0131nlar\u0131nda \u00e7\u0131kan yang\u0131nlar ormana da sirayet edebilmektedir. Bu alanlarda yap\u0131lacak yan\u0131c\u0131 madde y\u00f6netimi \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131, karar destek sistemlerinin de yard\u0131m\u0131yla yang\u0131n risk-tehlike analizleri ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilerek bir plan d\u00e2hilinde yap\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r. Bu uygulamalar, belirlenen alanlarda orman yan\u0131c\u0131 maddelerinin dikey s\u00fcrekli\u011fini k\u0131ran budama ile zemindeki diri \u00f6rt\u00fc ve otlar\u0131n temizlenmesi \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131 i\u00e7erir. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Yang\u0131na haz\u0131rl\u0131kl\u0131 olma tedbirleri kapsam\u0131nda ormana yak\u0131n ya\u015fam alanlar\u0131nda ve konutlar\u0131n yak\u0131n\u0131nda bulunan yan\u0131c\u0131 maddelerin y\u00f6netimi \u00f6nem arz etmektedir. 2021 y\u0131l\u0131nda T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de ya\u015fanan afet boyutundaki yang\u0131nlarda g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc \u00fczere baz\u0131 k\u00f6ylerin ve \u015fehirlerdeki evlerin yang\u0131nlardan zarar g\u00f6rmesi do\u011frudan ana yang\u0131n\u0131n ula\u015fmas\u0131 sonucunda ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmemi\u015ftir. Bu alanlardaki zarar yang\u0131n nedeniyle olu\u015fan konveksiyon s\u00fctunu ile r\u00fczg\u00e2r y\u00f6n\u00fcnde ta\u015f\u0131nan kav h\u00e2lindeki ince dal ve kabuklar\u0131n bu alanlara d\u00f6k\u00fclmesi ve uygun ortamda yeni yang\u0131nlar ba\u015flatmas\u0131 ile ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmi\u015ftir.17<\/sup> Zira \u00e7o\u011fu zaman yang\u0131n, ev ve i\u015flerine do\u011frudan ula\u015fmadan, ana yang\u0131ndan gelen kor h\u00e2lindeki kabuk ve ince dal par\u00e7ac\u0131klar\u0131 yerle\u015fim yerinin etraf\u0131na ve \u00e7at\u0131lara isabet ederek evlerin ve i\u015f yerlerinin yanmas\u0131na ve insanlar\u0131n hayatlar\u0131n\u0131 kaybetmesine neden olmu\u015ftur. Bu hususta yang\u0131na hassas ve ormana yak\u0131n b\u00f6lgelerde evlerin yap\u0131m\u0131nda kullan\u0131lan malzemelerin tercih edilmesinde dikkatli davran\u0131lmas\u0131, evlerin etraf\u0131ndaki yanabilir materyallerin azalt\u0131lmas\u0131 ve evlerin etraf\u0131na dikilen bitkilerin yanmaya direnci y\u00fcksek bitki t\u00fcrlerinden se\u00e7ilmesi \u00f6nem arz etmektedir. Bu konuda peyzaj ama\u00e7l\u0131 yap\u0131lacak t\u00fcm \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalarda b\u00f6lgenin orman yang\u0131n ger\u00e7e\u011fi unutulmadan, yang\u0131n risk ve potansiyeli dikkate al\u0131nmal\u0131d\u0131r. Burada bahsedilen durum \u015fehir merkezleri ve ev kenarlar\u0131nda yap\u0131labilecek bitkilendirme faaliyetlerini de i\u00e7ermektedir. Orman alanlar\u0131nda yap\u0131lacak a\u011fa\u00e7land\u0131rma, gen\u00e7le\u015ftirme ve rehabilitasyon \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 alanda do\u011fal olan t\u00fcrlerin korunmas\u0131 ve s\u00fcrekli\u011finin sa\u011flanmas\u0131 prensibiyle ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilmelidir. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Yang\u0131nlarla m\u00fccadelenin son basama\u011f\u0131 sava\u015f (m\u00fccadele)y\u00f6ntemleridir. T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de yang\u0131nla m\u00fccadele \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131, a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131kl\u0131 olarak yang\u0131nlara karadan ve havadan suyla etkin m\u00fcdahale yoluyla s\u00f6nd\u00fcrme yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131na dayanmaktad\u0131r. Bu y\u00f6ntem yang\u0131nlara do\u011frudan m\u00fcdahale \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 i\u00e7erisindedir. Son y\u0131llarda geli\u015fen teknolojinin orman yang\u0131nlar\u0131na m\u00fcdahale \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131nda kullan\u0131lmas\u0131, yang\u0131n i\u015f\u00e7isinden amirine kadar t\u00fcm yang\u0131n \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n\u0131n gayretli \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 ve halk\u0131n orman yang\u0131nlar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 hassasiyetinin artmas\u0131 yang\u0131nla m\u00fccadelede \u00f6nemli ba\u015far\u0131lar\u0131n elde edilmesini sa\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu hususta \u00f6zellikle hava ara\u00e7lar\u0131na ve yang\u0131na m\u00fcdahale \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131ndaki di\u011fer ekip ve ekipmanlar i\u00e7in b\u00fct\u00e7eden \u00f6nemli bir kaynak ayr\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Ancak yang\u0131nlarla s\u00f6nd\u00fcrme odakl\u0131 etkin m\u00fccadelenin yang\u0131n tehlikesini ortadan kald\u0131rmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 unutulmamal\u0131d\u0131r. Yang\u0131nla m\u00fccadeleye aktar\u0131lan kaynak ve g\u00f6sterilen \u00f6zen, yang\u0131nlar\u0131n \u00f6nlenmesi ve yang\u0131nlara kar\u015f\u0131 haz\u0131rl\u0131kl\u0131 olma faaliyetleri i\u00e7in de ayr\u0131lmal\u0131 ve g\u00f6sterilmelidir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Yang\u0131nlara kar\u015f\u0131 \u00f6nleyici ve yang\u0131na haz\u0131rl\u0131kl\u0131 olma tedbirleri ile m\u00fccadele y\u00f6ntemlerinin planlanmas\u0131 ve uygulanmas\u0131 \u201cOrman Yang\u0131n Y\u00f6netim Planlar\u0131\u201d \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde yap\u0131l\u0131r. Bu planlar, orman yang\u0131nlar\u0131yla m\u00fccadelede sava\u015f y\u00f6ntemleri d\u00e2hil t\u00fcm tedbirleri i\u00e7eren ve t\u00fcm payda\u015flar\u0131n kat\u0131l\u0131m\u0131yla belirli alanlar i\u00e7in yap\u0131lan uzun vadeli planlard\u0131r. Orman yang\u0131n y\u00f6netim planlar\u0131 yang\u0131nlar\u0131n \u00f6nemli problem olu\u015fturdu\u011fu ABD, Kanada ve Avustralya gibi \u00fclkelerde yap\u0131lmakta ve tatbik edilmektedir. T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de orman yang\u0131n y\u00f6netim planlar\u0131, baz\u0131 projeler kapsam\u0131nda pilot b\u00f6lgelerde yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olup18<\/sup> g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde ayn\u0131 dispozisyon kullan\u0131larak yang\u0131na hassas baz\u0131 b\u00f6lgelerde de yap\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.19<\/sup> Ancak planlar\u0131n yap\u0131m\u0131, denetimi ve hayata ge\u00e7irilmesinde baz\u0131 problemlerin oldu\u011fu g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. Ayr\u0131ca planlar\u0131n i\u00e7eri\u011fi g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz teknolojileri ve ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131 neticesinde g\u00fcncellenmelidir. Bu hususta, orman yang\u0131n y\u00f6netim planlar\u0131n\u0131n yap\u0131m\u0131na y\u00f6nelik geni\u015f kat\u0131l\u0131ml\u0131 ve konuyla ilgili uzmanlar\u0131n da kat\u0131l\u0131m\u0131n sa\u011fland\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir toplant\u0131\/\u00e7al\u0131\u015ftay d\u00fczenlenerek bu konudaki uygulama esaslar\u0131n olu\u015fturulmas\u0131 \u00f6nem arz etmektedir. Zira d\u00fcnyadaki iklim krizinin etkilerine paralel T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin yer ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 Akdeniz havzas\u0131nda da gelecekte ya\u011f\u0131\u015flar\u0131n azalaca\u011f\u0131, s\u0131cakl\u0131klar\u0131n artaca\u011f\u0131 ve buna ba\u011fl\u0131 uzun s\u00fcreli kurakl\u0131klar\u0131n olu\u015faca\u011f\u0131 yap\u0131lan iklim senaryolar\u0131nda tahmin edilmektedir. Yap\u0131lan iklim senaryolar\u0131n\u0131n ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmesi durumunda daha \u00f6nce yang\u0131nlar\u0131n s\u0131k g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc yerlerde say\u0131 ve s\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n artaca\u011f\u0131, s\u0131k g\u00f6r\u00fclmedi\u011fi ancak yan\u0131c\u0131 madde miktar\u0131 ve s\u00fcreklili\u011finin y\u00fcksek oldu\u011fu b\u00f6lgelerde ise artan yang\u0131n say\u0131lar\u0131yla birlikte b\u00fcy\u00fck ve tahripk\u00e2r yang\u0131n olaylar\u0131n\u0131n artaca\u011f\u0131 \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclebilir.20<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Orman yang\u0131nlar\u0131 konusunda gelecekte yap\u0131lmas\u0131 gereken \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Orman yang\u0131nlar\u0131, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin de yer ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 Akdeniz b\u00f6lge ekosistemlerinin ayr\u0131lmaz ve do\u011fal bir bile\u015fenidir. Ancak arazi kullan\u0131m de\u011fi\u015fimi, n\u00fcfus hareketleri, ormanc\u0131l\u0131k faaliyetleri gibi etkiler orman yan\u0131c\u0131 madde \u00f6zelliklerini de\u011fi\u015ftirmekte21<\/sup> ve b\u00f6lgedeki yang\u0131n rejiminde farkl\u0131l\u0131klar ortaya \u00e7\u0131karmaktad\u0131r. Son y\u0131llarda etkisi fazlaca hissedilen iklim krizi sonucunda hava h\u00e2llerindeki k\u0131sa s\u00fcreli ola\u011fan d\u0131\u015f\u0131l\u0131klar, ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen yang\u0131nlar\u0131n davran\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 etkilemekte ve yang\u0131nlar\u0131n tahrip g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc artt\u0131rmaktad\u0131r. Ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen b\u00fcy\u00fck ve zarar veren yang\u0131nlar \u00f6nemli ekolojik, ekonomik ve sosyal etkiler olu\u015fturmaktad\u0131r. Bu etkiler 2021 y\u0131l\u0131 Temmuz-A\u011fustos aylar\u0131nda Ege ve Akdeniz b\u00f6lgesinde ya\u015fanan b\u00fcy\u00fck yang\u0131nlarda g\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.17<\/sup> Yang\u0131nlarda ya\u015fanan can kay\u0131plar\u0131, bo\u015falt\u0131lan yerle\u015fim birimleri, yanan evler, turizm tesisleri ve tar\u0131m alanlar\u0131 bu durumun bir sonucudur. Her ne kadar 2023 y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131n uzun d\u00f6nemli yang\u0131n istatistiklerine g\u00f6re T\u00fcrkiye i\u00e7in normal bir y\u0131l olarak ge\u00e7ti\u011fi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclse de orman yang\u0131nlar\u0131 konusunda gerekli \u00f6nlemlerin al\u0131nmamas\u0131 durumunda gelecekte \u00e7ok daha b\u00fcy\u00fck felaketlerle kar\u015f\u0131la\u015fman\u0131n ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmaz olaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ifade etmek yanl\u0131\u015f olmayacakt\u0131r. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu ba\u011flamda;<\/p>\n\n\n\n